Administration
Administration may refer to:
- Academic administration, a branch of an academic institution responsible for the maintenance and supervision of the institution
- Military administration, the techniques and systems used by military services involved in the management of the armed forces
- Public administration, advancement and implementation of government policy, or the management of public programs
- Business administration, the performance or management of business operations
- Administration (government), management in or of government
Administration (government)
The term administration, as used in the context of government, differs according to jurisdiction.
United States
In American usage, the term refers to the executive branch under a specific president (or governor, mayor, or other local executive), for example: the "Obama administration.” It can also mean an executive branch agency headed by an administrator: these agencies tend to have a regulatory function as well as an administrative function. On occasion, people in the United States will use the term to refer to the time a given person was president, e.g. "they have been married since the Carter administration."
The term "administration" has been used to denote the executive branch in presidential systems of government.
Europe
Usage in Europe varies by country, but most typically the term 'administration' refers to managerial functions in general, which may include local governments, or the hierarchy of national and local government, that applies to a town or district. More specifically, it may refer to public administration, the business of administering public policy as determined by government. However, outside France, this usage of the word is uncommon.
Business administration
Business administration is the process of managing a business or non-profit organization, so that it remains stable and continues to grow.
The administration of a business includes the performance or management of business operations and decision making, as well as the efficient organization of people and other resources, to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.
In general, administration refers to the broader management function, including the associated finance, personnel and MIS services.
Public
In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere. The concept of a public has also been defined in political science, psychology, marketing, and advertising. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field. Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onwards, it has suffered in more recent years from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder.
The name "public" originates with the Latin publicus (also poplicus), from populus, and in general denotes some mass population ("the people") in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, or affairs of office or state. In social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition.John Dewey defined (Dewey 1927) a public as a group of people who, in facing a similar problem, recognize it and organize themselves to address it. Dewey's definition of a public is thus situational: people organized about a situation. Built upon this situational definition of a public is the situational theory of publics by James E. Grunig (Grunig 1983), which talks of nonpublics (who have no problem), latent publics (who have a problem), aware publics (who recognize that they have a problem), and active publics (who do something about their problem).
Public (album)
Public is the third album (the first on a major label) by Emm Gryner, released in 1998.
The album, released on Mercury Records, was not a strong seller, and Gryner was subsequently dropped from the label after Mercury was acquired by Universal Music. She revived her own independent label, Dead Daisy Records, for her next release, Science Fair, which ironically sold significantly more copies than Public despite its more limited distribution and marketing.
In 2006, Gryner released PVT, a limited edition album featuring rerecorded versions of songs from Public. PVT was initially released only as a bonus disc with preordered copies of Gryner's 2006 album The Summer of High Hopes. It was later offered as a separate purchase.
